Last year marked a challenging period in the realm of environmental conservation, as global efforts to address climate change faced significant setbacks. United Nations-sponsored dialogues aimed at combating biodiversity loss, plastic pollution, desertification, and climate change either faltered or yielded insufficient agreements. The political landscape shifted dramatically in the United States with the re-election of Donald Trump, signaling an intensified pushback against climate initiatives.
During 2024, the world experienced unprecedented heat, with average global temperatures surpassing the threshold set by the Paris Agreement, reaching 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels for the first time. As 2025 unfolds, the outlook for substantial climate action appears discouraging. However, the intensifying anti-climate policies from Trump and other major polluters could catalyze a unified global response, allowing countries in the Global South, notably Brazil—the host of this year’s COP30 conference—to take a leading role.
Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva assumed office with a commitment to social and environmental reform. Initially hailed for his ambitious policies, Lula’s administration has encountered obstacles in sustaining momentum. The current year poses a crucial opportunity for Lula to fulfill his pledges and secure a legacy that extends beyond Brazil’s borders.
Throughout his campaign, Lula prominently denounced the environmentally detrimental policies of his predecessor, Jair Bolsonaro, pledging to safeguard the Amazon and vulnerable communities, especially Indigenous populations. Early in his presidency, Lula appointed recognized climate advocate Marina Silva as head of the Environmental Ministry and Indigenous leader Sonia Guajajara to lead the new Indigenous Affairs Ministry, emphasizing a commitment to environmental stewardship.
Despite notable initial achievements, including a 33.6% reduction in Amazon deforestation in his first six months, challenges have emerged. Security operations aimed at curbing illegal mining slowed, allowing these activities to resume, while the plight of Indigenous communities persisted. Furthermore, an increase in deforestation rates in August 2024 raised alarm bells.
Lula’s administration is also advocating for the BR-319 highway, which could adversely affect the Amazon and Indigenous communities, alongside supporting oil exploration despite the growing severity of environmental disasters, including wildfires and flooding that have ravaged vast areas of Brazilian territory.
In light of a potentially hostile U.S. administration focused on rolling back environmental protections, the world is in urgent need of effective leadership. Lula’s rhetoric on climate action has been commendable; however, tangible implementation of these commitments is paramount. He possesses the resources and the support of Indigenous communities, who hold invaluable knowledge for preserving biodiversity.
Prioritizing Indigenous input and collaborating with environmental experts can foster a comprehensive strategy that promotes sustainable practices across industries. Brazil has the opportunity to expand its investment in renewable energy sources like wind and solar, facilitating a transition from fossil fuels.
Strengthening regulations in the mining industry, particularly within Indigenous territories, is crucial for both environmental preservation and community protection. Moreover, engaging those drawn into illegal mining due to economic pressures can address broader socio-economic issues while combating the detrimental effects of organized crime.
Robust climate policies not only advance ecological integrity but can also create equitable job opportunities, aligning with the demands of Lula’s electorate. By advancing meaningful environmental reforms domestically, Lula can enhance Brazil’s global standing, motivating other nations to adopt proactive approaches to climate change. This commitment to uplifting vulnerable communities and addressing climate challenges could define Lula’s legacy in the international arena.
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